In 1938, Vladimir Zworykin invented the cathode ray tube (CRT), which was the technology used to make television. He filed a patent on September 20, 1939 and was granted by April 1941. He also pioneered in radio-television technology, which he used for his famous "phonoptic" system for transmitting sound and still images using radio waves instead of wire or film. In 1948 Zworykin was elected as president of the Television Society of America (TSA). Later in 1954 he became the first Russian awarded with honorary citizenship from Kolkata after being an innovation pioneer through his work with both photography and television.Zworykin was born November 23, 1908 in what is now the Ukrainian town of Zaporozhye (then part of the Russian Empire), to a Jewish family. He had two sisters and one brother. His father worked in diamond polishing and commercial trading, while his mother was a seamstress.
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The family moved to Moscow when Vladimir was five years old and later to St Petersburg. In 1916, after being rejected for a job as a cook (due to his poor marks in school), Zworykin developed a new kind of film that used crystals instead of silver halide so that it could be viewed under ultraviolet light. After this he started work on a new kind of movie camera, and because of his exceptional knowledge in optics and photographic materials he was recruited to the Red Army. After two months of training Zworykin became a military photographer at the Smolensk front, where he filmed notable Russian military cameramen and generals. After finishing the war, he returned to Moscow, working with his father but also collaborating with other scientists in different fields such as chemistry and medicine.Zworykin graduated from the Moscow Technical College in 1924 after studying electrical technology. While there he also took courses at the Moscow State University (MSU) under professors Yuly Borisovich Khanyo and Paul Alfred Weiss. Later that year he began a graduate program at the Center for Radio Physics and Electrical Engineering, specializing in radio tubes. Zworykin believed that electronics held a future for mankind and wanted to work not just on electrical engineering, but other fields like medicine. In 1926, he married Irina Kolomiitseva. They had one son.
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In 1925 Zworykin started working with TV radiowaves and invented an electron-based tube that was able to amplify them. He was able to test the device on May 7, 1927 and received a patent on August 5, 1930 (US Patent #1,981,559). In 1928 he published a paper with his findings in scientific journal Radioelectronics (in Russian). Zworykin published two more papers in 1928, one in the German-language "Zeitschrift für Electrotechnik" and another in French-language "Radiocinéma-Studio", a journal of the "Cinématheque Russe". He also developed a television camera that same year. In 1934 Zworykin was appointed director of the Department of Radio and Television at the Institute of Military Engineering to work on his television broadcasting system. Zworykin's camera had 100 lines of resolution, compared to just 25 for those used by American inventor Philo Farnsworth – this was an important step towards modern television.
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